The 1893 Lynching by Fire of Henry Smith

Analysis Of The Financial Statements Of Alphabet †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Analysis Of The Financial Statements Of Alphabet. Answer: About the Companies: Apple is a traded on an open market American transnational firm headquartered in California. The organization was established by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Basically, the organization is engaged with the way toward planning, creating and selling shopper gadgets, PC programming just as online administrations. Letter set is one more traded on an open market American transnational organization established by Larry Page headquartered in California. The arrangement of Alphabet for the most part includes various enterprises, for example, innovation, investigate, life sciences just as venture capital. Amazon is a traded on an open market association headquartered in Seattle, Washington. The organization is attempted activity in electronic business just as distributed computing. Fundamentally, Amazon can be considered as the biggest web based tech goliath regarding complete deals just as market capitalization. Key Financials Survey of the monetary reports of the firm Amazon uncovers that the companys stock is up by around 14% till date and 17% during the earlier year. The enterprise impressively beat desires in the underlying a half year during 2016, be that as it may, the organization neglected to meet the primary concern approximations especially during the second from last quarter of the year 2016. Audit of budgetary condition during 2016 mirrors that Amazon recorded about 29% development in income to more than $29 billion and 161% development in by and large working profit to around $2.9 billion, basically determined by solid pace of development across business fragments especially Amazon Web Services[1]. Then again, investigation of fiscal summaries of Apple Inc uncovers that money somewhat decline by around 1%, while it stays at elevated level. Once more, stock stays at reliable level that reflects high level of companys deals. Also, the absolute current resources of the business concern Apple enlisted by the organization increased by almost 2% during 2016. Once more, long haul venture is additionally high since the organization Apple is likewise intending to build up another business substance in California using the speculations during the long term[2]. Financial reports distributed by the organization additionally mirrors that the fixed resources, impalpable resources alongside generosity of the firm are predictable, while the all out current risk of the enterprise diminished by about 1%. Once more, held profit of the company likewise improved since money diminished. Once more, there exists no treasury stocks and it is positive sign as respects the portions of the organization Ap ple[3]. Examination of the budget summaries of Alphabet uncovers that the income of the firm expanded from $74989 to $90272. This shows a year on year development of around $15.28 billion during the particular timeframe of 2016. Once more, the working costs of the company as reflected in the benefit and misfortune statement of the firm added up to $66.56 billion. Be that as it may, the detail reflects increment from roughly $55.63 billion when contrasted with the earlier years figure. Be that as it may, the total compensation of the firm likewise expanded to $19478 during 2016 in contrast with the year prior period. What's more, stock of the firm Alphabet Inc likewise expanded from the year 2014 to the year 2015, in any case, from that point, the figure for stock marginally diminished during the period 2016, subsequently reflecting predominant sales[4]. Similar investigation of the monetary state of the firm Basic investigation of monetary reports of the three firms during the period 2016 uncovers that the income, net benefit just as the profit before premium duty deterioration just as amortization expanded at a quicker rate than that of the Apples. Notwithstanding, Amazon records the most elevated level of development in income during the period 2016 among the three distinctive firms[5]. Apples income anyway somewhat declined during 2016 to $215639 when contrasted with the year back period, while Alphabet Inc enlisted income of $90272, up by $15.28% that is around 20%. In any case, Amazon enlisted incomes of $136.0 billion during the period 2016, that is up 27.1% year on year that is from the degree of $107.0 billion recorded during the year 2015.Again, the present resources of the enterprise Apple Inc enrolled to be $89378000 and the equivalent developed to $106869000. Be that as it may, the present resources of the firm Alphabet Inc are recorded to be 105.41 billion when contrasted wi th the year prior period. Then again, the present resources of the enterprise Apple Inc is seen to be $45781000 when contrasted with $35705000. Amazons current resources is recorded to be $45.7 billion when contrasted with the year back figure of 35.7 billion. For this situation, the present resources of the Alphabet spoke to prevalent figure[6]. In any case, Amazon enlisted net income of around $2.4 billion during the budgetary year 2016, while the net overall revenue as recorded by the firm was 1.7%. Once more, then again, the net gain of the firm Apple Inc diminished by around 23% from $53394000 to $45687000 in 2016. Once more, the overall gain of Alphabet Inc was enrolled to be 19.4 billion of every 2016 when contrasted with 15.8 billion out of 2015. Consequently, it very well may be thusly referenced that Amazon spoke to a solid direction of development both regarding income just as net profit reflecting relatively better monetary soundness of the firm during the period 2016. M oreover, the pattern demonstrates that the business concern Amazon can possibly turn into the initial trillion organization among the three firms. References Brealey, R, S Myers, F Allen,Principles of corporate money. in , New York, NY, McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Helbk, M, S Lindset, B McLellan,Corporate money. in , Maidenhead, Berkshire, Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education, 2010. BRIGHAM, E,FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT. in , [S.l.], SOUTH-WESTERN, 2017. PRASANNA CHANDRA.,Financial Management. in , Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., 2011

4 Ways to Handle a Mamas Boy Husband

4 Ways to Handle a Mamas Boy Husband More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Being married to a mamas boy isnt always a bad thing. A man who is close to his mother is not a mamas boy in a negative way. A man who is attached to his mother at the hip, however, might be more of a problem. This is particularly if he cant seem to function without her. 1. Establish Clear Boundaries Your man might be used to his mother catering to his every need and want, but that does not mean that you need to as well. It is important that you set boundaries and let him know that you will not behave like his mother. He can act like a boy with his mother all he wants, but when he is with you, he should act like a man who can take care of himself. He may use manipulation on you to get his way, so you need to be strong when he accuses you of not loving him and wanting what is best for him. Studies have shown that managing boundaries in marriage is important for a successful relationship, especially in couples where both partners are wage-earners.?? He probably does not mean the things he says, but will say them to get what he wants. If you give in, he will continue to use manipulation to get his way. 2. Maintain Independent Space If hes a mamas boy, it is not a good idea to move into her house. Chances are, their relationship as mother and son will come before your relationship with him. He will most likely side with his mother on every subject as to not upset her. He may even go to his mother when the two of you have a disagreement. While he can do these things even if you live outside of her home, the distance will help some. You do not want to feel like the third wheel when living with your spouse. If you both can’t afford a place of your own, then you probably should not have gotten married yet. If you are in financial straights and his parents have offered to help you by letting you move in, make sure there is an end date in mind. If you are doing it to save for your own home, realize that you are risking irretrievably damaging your marriage. Keep in mind, however, that living apart from your in-laws does not guarantee a stress-free relationship with your in-law. Many couples still report feeling pressure.?? 3. Avoid Confrontation Its not your place to go to your mother-in-law and ask her to back off. If you want to talk to anyone about the situation, its your husband you need to talk to. Do not come from a place of anger, though. When you approach the topic, be sensitive and tell him that you feel a little jealous and would like more alone time with him. Remind him that you like his mother and dont mind going to her house for dinner once a month, but she should not be coming on all of your activities and dates just because she is lonely or has poor boundaries. Explain that you do not want her out of your lives, but you both need time to connect and grow as a couple. 4. Make Your Own Choices Its one thing for your mother-in-law to make his choices if thats what he is comfortable with. She might pick out his clothes, his food, and even his career. If he is incapable of making these decisions without her input, that might be something to consider trying to iron out. You dont want his mother to become a decision-maker about choices you make as an individual or as a couple. Your mother-in-law should not be part of your personal decisions about finances, career paths, parenting, or vacations unless you directly ask for her input. You should also not include her in your marital disagreements. If your spouse is too attached to his mother, it’s important to look at how this is damaging your marriage. You probably ignored red-flags about this when dating, so if you are now seeing it in your marriage, you need to address it sooner rather than later. If trying to communicate and resolve problems around this does not move things in the right direction, professional help is probably in order.

The Pre Raphaelite Brotherhood By John Everett Millais

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt who were students at the Royal Academy. Millais, Rossetti, and Hunt were dissatisfied with the academy teaching students to mimic renaissance masters like Raphael, and sought to create art reminiscent of the medieval period. In addition for their distaste for renaissance perfection in art the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were inspired by the theories of writer and art critic, John Ruskin. Ruskin encouraged artist to go back to nature, as well as show moral and material truth in their art via the use of symbols and more naturalistic depictions of nature (Harrison, Wood and Gaiger, 200). â€Å"The Brotherhood at its inception strove to transmit a message of artistic renewal and moral reform by imbuing their art with seriousness, sincerity, and truth to nature.†(Meagher) From Millais I will focus on one of his more famous paintings Ophelia, followed by Rossetti†™s Proserpine, and Hunt’s Awakening Conscience. John Everett Millais’ Ophelia painted in 1851 is a depiction of noble woman Ophelia from Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Ophelia’s story is tragic as she loses the favour of price Hamlet who then goes on to kill Ophelia’s father. Ophelia is driven mad by these event and is found dead in a brook, the scene depicted in Millais’ painting. True to the Pre-Raphaelites and Ruskin’s ideology the background was painted from observation with great care and detail. Perhaps the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Life of the Famous English Painter, Sir John Everett Millais885 Words   |  4 Pages Sir John Everett Millais was born on June 8, 1829 in Southampton, England to John William Millais and Emily Marie Millais. Their family had a French background and were wealthy people in the middle class, partly due to the fact that the mothers family were very successful saddlers, which are people who were skilled at making saddles (Artmagick 1, Tate 1). When Millais was little h e was considered a child prodigy when it came to painting and his family moved to London in 1838 to improve contactsRead MoreArt 100 Museum Paper814 Words   |  4 PagesIntro to Art/Art 100 Pre-Raphaelites I visited National Gallery of Art, Washington DC on Friday, March 29, 2013 to see the exhibition â€Å"Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Art and Design, 1848-1900†. It is the first major survey of the art of the Pre-Raphaelites to be shown in the United States features some 130 paintings, sculptures, works on paper, and decorative art objects. The young members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, formed in 1848, shook the art world of mid-19th-century Britain by rejectingRead More The Pre-Raphaelites Essay3594 Words   |  15 PagesPre-Raphaelites, a group made up of 19th-century English painters, poets, and critics whos work responded towards the practice of Victorian and neoclassical subject mater by developing bright imitations of religious work. More specifically, and of the most beautiful are the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and their followers, bright and clear colours, fair women and themes from myths and legends.(Darkamber 1). The groups source of inspiration came from early Renaissance painters andRead MoreThe Pre Raphaelites Critique On Society Through The Image Of Women1495 Words   |  6 Pages Worship of Ugliness: The Pre-Raphaelites Critique on Society through the Image of Women The Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood started in 1848 when seven men banded together in opposition of the disingenuous teachings of the London Royal Academy of Arts. The named themselves the ‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’ or ‘PRB’ for short. This secret society was an avenue for the men to create how they wanted, and promote their agenda to the greater English public. Through the artists, opposition to utilitarianRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of Sexualism In The Eve Of St Agnes By John Keats1799 Words   |  8 Pages Pre-Raphaelite art was a movement was born of poetry, English Romanti cism texts inspired the young artists of the Brotherhood. The first of these texts The Eve of St Agnes, a poem by John Keats and key text from Romanticism that served as inspiration for John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt and spawned the dawn of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. A romantic tale of elopement and awakening sexuality, young Porphyro hides in Madeline’s bed cha mber, Even to Madelines chamber, and thereRead MoreImages of Victorian Women by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements, such as the Chartist demonstration and the fall of the Second Empire in France, paved the way for new ideologies. The Pre-Raphaelites were inspired by the changing atmosphere of the times and through their art attempted to introduce emotion, realism and originality back into British painting. The members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, F.G. Stephens, Thomas Woolner, James Collinson, and William Michael Rossetti. TheseRead MoreEssay about Female Poets and the Dark Side of Life505 Words   |  3 Pageswas culturally, a rather strange period. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was started in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt, as a reaction against what they saw as the stale, formula-driven art produced by the Royal Academy at the time. They aimed to go back to a more genuine art, exemplified as they saw it by the work of the Nazarenes, and rooted in realism and truth to nature. The Pre-Raphaelites, being young, talented, and having many ideas of Read MoreAnalysis Of Dante Gabrielle Rossetti Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects of the world, Rossetti also faced hardship and grievances with conflict in his life. Strong enough to push through it, he was a man of wonders that unfold as he grows. This essay will explore the life of dante Gabrielle Rossetti the British pre-Raphaelite poet from London. Looking over his works and accomplishments starting from poems all the way to his other works. Examine the impact of Dante Gabrielle Rossetti mark in history and why he is or isn’t important. Rossetti’s father Gabriele movedRead MorePre-Raphaelites: Realism Over Reynolds Essay2092 Words   |  9 PagesIn September 1848, a group of seven men banded together secretly to create the â€Å"Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,† or â€Å"P.R.B.† (Whiteley 6). This group included: Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (1828-1882), John Everett Millais (1829-1896), William Holman Hunt (1827-1910), Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), James Collinson (1825-1881), and Frederick George Stephens (1828-1907). Though this movement lasted only a few years, these men pulled the art establishment away from theRead MorePainting With Light By Dante Gabriel Rossetti Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesthe largely experimental period in which this developed coincided with the founding of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais and John Singer Sargent are included (and personally i believe they are the highlights of the exhibition) are shown side by side with the photos they inspired and of subjects they drew inspiration from. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a secret society of the mid 19th century that sought to create a new form of British art

George Washington Paper - 1005 Words

Fast Facts on George Washington * Born: February 22, 1732 Pope’s Creek, Virginia * Children: no natural children (Adopted the children of Martha Custis) *Grandfather by marriage of Confederate General Robert E. Lee * Military Service: Commander General, Revolutionary War * Profession: Surveyor/Planter * Political Party: Federalist * Home State: Virginia * Political Offices: Chairman of Constitutional Convention * Died: December 14, 1799 (Age- 670 Last Words: â€Å"I die hard, but I am not afraid to go. â€Å"Tis well.† Buried: Mount Vernon, Virginia * Term of Office: April 30, 1789 – March 3, 1797 * Number Of Terms Elected: 2 Terms * Nickname: â€Å"Father of Our country† * First Lady: Martha†¦show more content†¦Historical Significance Washingtons significance cannot be overstated. He led the Continental Army to victory over the British. He believed in a strong federal government which greatly influenced the nation during his eight years in office. He did not allow others to trap him as royalty. He worked on the principle of merit. His warning against foreign entanglements was heeded by future presidents. By declining a third term, he set up the precedent of a two-term limit. Events and Accomplishments of George Washingtons Presidency: Washingtons administration was one of precedents with many standards that are still followed. For example, he relied on his cabinet for advice. Since his cabinet appointments went unchallenged, presidents are generally able to choose their own cabinets. He chose a successor for Chief Justice John Jay from outside the bench instead of based on seniority. Domestically, Washington was able to stop the first real challenge to federal authority with the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Pennsylvania farmers were refusing to pay a tax and he sent troops to ensure compliance. In foreign affairs, Washington was a huge proponent of neutrality. He declared the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 which stated that the US would be impartial toward belligerent powers currently in a war. This upset some who felt we owed a greaterShow MoreRelatedEssay on George Washington628 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Washington George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 on Popes Creek Farm in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The family George was born into consisted of his father, Augustine Washington, his mother, Mary Washington, and five brothers and sisters: Betty, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles and Mildred. There were also three other older children from his fathers first marriage to Jane Butler, who died in 1729: thirteen year-old Lawrence, twelve year-old Augustine and nine year-oldRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 Pages21 April 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhoodRead MoreGeorge Washington s Leadership Style932 Words   |  4 Pages George Washington’s Leadership George Washington s strong, courageous, intelligent leadership was important because it brought the victory of the American patriots over the British in the Revolutionary War. George Washington and his leadership skills made this a great place. He paved the way for American Generals. George Washington was a great man who also lead us to victory. He also gave up lots of things to be general and president. Mount Vernon was a very mysterious place. George WashingtonRead MoreGeorge Washington s Secret Six Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington’s Secret Six: The Spy Ring That Saved the American Revolution, a monograph written by Brian Kilmeade and Don Yaeger, narrates the Culper Spy Ring’s operation in New York City and its contribution toward the American victory over the Great Britain in the American Revolution. Under the order of General George Washington, Major Benjamin Tallmadge established the Culper Spy Ring with the purpose to outspy the British troops’ activities and movements in Manhattan, therefore allowingRead MoreEssay on analysis articles of capitulation1011 Words   |  5 Pagesbattle, in which Coulon had surrounded Washington’s Fort Necessity, and subsequently asked for the surrender of the Virginian troops led by George Washington. Although Washington agreed to the terms of this peaceful surrender, the document was written in French and Washington’s misguided interpreter failed to recognize that in the document it said that Washington had â€Å"assassinated† Coulon’s half brother Jomonville Glen, in a previous battle. (Lengel) The document also stated that the captains JacobRead MoreGeorge Washington s Influence On The United States1337 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington played a critical role in the development of the United States from the early stages. He is one of the Founding Fathers, the men who led the revolution against Great Britain and established the United States of America. George Washington can be considered a â€Å"seed† as in he planted himself into the system and grew into the man many define as the greatest president to ever serve our nation. Washington was the first president of the United States. Washington had-in the words of theRead MoreEssay on General George Washington and The Continental Army1009 Words   |  5 Pageslife, liberty, and freedom were for med. Spearheading these new ideals was General George Washington and his continental army, but the road ahead of Washington and his men was not an unproblematic one. The winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania proved this to Washington and his men. Yet the true American ideal of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were never forgotten in their battle. General George Washington gained command of the continental army in July 3, 1775 from the directions of GeneralRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom and exemption. Washington and McCandless are similar because they did something most people would not. They both stepped out of the ordinary society and decided to do what they think is best. For example, Washington led the Continental Army against the great British Empire, and Chris left his normal and traditional life, to seek a life of adventure and determined to go on a journey across the United States. Washington became the first president of the United States. Washington was also the onlyRead MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 Pagesplace to ban importation of Rum and French Wines form the Dutch and French, and it would increase taxes on sugar and products that were imported for the colonies form Britain. The Stamp Act was put into pl ace to tax the American Colonies on paper shipment, and paper products. A few years passed, and the colonies grew more and more furious with the British parliament, so in 1768 Great Britain sent troops to Boston to attempt to reduce the political uproar. In 1773 Great Britain passed the Tea Act, whichRead MoreSpies of the American Revolution1211 Words   |  5 Pageshave been so well prepared to engage the enemy and win in decisive battles. Long before the conception of organizations like the National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) , George Washington served as the chief intelligence officer and spymaster of our nation. He headed a covert ring of spies who s intel, bravery and for some, ultimate sacrifice would help shape the outcome of the war. There were many rings of spies during this

Preparing Non Alcoholic Beverages Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Preparing Non Alcoholic Beverages. Answer: Espresso Coffee A typical Espresso Coffee shot has three main properties namely, the roast, ground and pressure that is used to brew the typical coffee. The one preparing the coffee shall focus of these three qualities to prepare a great espresso. Espresso coffee is supposed to be roasted very dark in order to give it stronger and much potent flavor. Thus it is essential to select the beans which are well roasted to make a good espresso. The roasted coffee is then ground to a fine powder which helps to increase the required pressure in order to push water through filter. The grind shall be appropriate to not block the coffee filter. The water is then pushed through coffee with great pressure. The right pressure helps get a shot of coffee that is strong and tastes good[1]. Ingredients Recipes An Espresso shot is commercially prepared in the Espresso Machine. However, there are other ways as well to prepare the espresso shot. One can make Espresso using the Aeropress, Moka Pot and French Press. Espresso with an Aeropress For a shot of Espresso, Aeropress Machine, Roasted Coffee Beans, a Grinder, a measuring scale or equipment and Electric Kettle is required. Firstly, the water shall be heated to the right brewing temperature that is 185-205 degree Fahrenheit. Then the beans shall be grounded to the right consistency. The freshly ground beans give fresh shot and better aroma. The Aeropress shall then be prepared by placing filter in drain cap and the machine shall be sturdy enough to take the pressure. The ground coffee and hot water is then filled in the Aeropress. After 30 seconds to stirring the mixture is plunged and then served[2]. Espresso with a Moka Pot It is the classic way of preparing Espresso. This method requires Moka Pot, roasted coffee beans, Grinder, measuring scale, and electric Kettle. The coffee shall be firstly ground. The water then needs to be put in bottom of the pot. The coffee is placed in the filter basket of the pot and the top is then attached. The pot is kept on the stove over medium heat. When the pot starts to make a hissing sound, it indicates that the coffee has been prepared. The top of coffee gets full of coffee and hazel brown foam appears on top of the coffee. The pot shall be removed from the top and coffee shall be served[3]. Espresso with a French Press This method requires French Press, roasted coffee beans, grinder, measuring scale and stovetop kettle. For 1 cup water 2 tablespoon of coffee shall be required. The coffee shall be grounded. The water shall then be heated to 195 degree Fahrenheit. Ground coffee and few splashes of hot water is added to the French press. Then rest of the water is added and the lid is closed and coffee is steeped for four minutes. The plunger is pressed halfway and then full way down. The coffee is then ready to be served[4]. References Alessandro Parenti and others, 'Comparison Of Espresso Coffee Brewing Techniques', Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 121, no. 1, 2014. Amy Fleming, 'How To Make The Perfect Espresso' The Guardian, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/may/09/how-to-make-the-perfect-espresso, (accessed 19 July 2017). Piernicola Masella and others, 'A New Espresso Brewing Method', Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 146, No. 2, 2015. Tolgahan Kocada?l? and Vural Gkmen, 'Effect Of Roasting And Brewing On The Antioxidant Capacity Of Espresso Brews Determined By The QUENCHER Procedure', Food Research International, vol. 89, no. 1, 2016.

Social Learning Theory Essay Example

Social Learning Theory Essay This research by Bandura shows that there IS a difference between learning and actual performance. Children imitate behaviour under certain circumstances but always seem to learn it. Differences were apparent between Bandura and Walters study in 1963 and Banduras study in 1965 because only rewards were given to the children producing any type of behaviour. This shows inconsistency in research findings making it difficult to be able to draw conclusions. However, the differences between the 2 experiments show that children observing punishment has a larger effect on behaviour than if they see rewards suggesting that production of behaviour depends on how the observed behaviour is responded to by others. It is found that children are more likely to replicate observed behaviour if model was rewarded, whether other adults approved, whether other children imitated the behaviour, and whether the observer can relate to the model. There are also other factors to account for the findings from Banduras experiments especially to do with the family backgrounds the children were from. Hollins and Howells found that children raised by aggressive parents were also likely to be aggressive themselves. This suggests that children have learned the aggression from their family home and repeated it in different social contexts i. e. took aggression out on the Bobo doll. This therefore supports Social Learning Theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, Patterson et al (1989) found that in homes where there was at least one aggressive child, the common factor was a home environment where physical punishment and shouting were often used. This would increase aggression in people as they have learned it from their family and evidently would repeat it in the outside world because thats how theyve been brought up. Similarly, if children in a family were brought up in a caring background where you look after one other then you would find that these children are the least aggressive in society. Social Learning Theory has been largely supported by psychologists which has been shown through Banduras research. However his research was based solely on young childrens perception and learning of behaviour and doesnt account for adults therefore findings cannot be generalised to all of society. Phillips (1986) investigated Social Learning Theory in adults and found that homicide rate in adults was higher following the broadcast of a boxing match suggesting that observing this aggressive behaviour led more people to inflict harm on others. This therefore shows that social learning is present in adults providing empirical support for Social Learning Theory. Another strength is that Social Learning Theory accounts for a lack of consistency in aggressive behaviour. i. e. aggression in front of peers is different to behaviour shown around parents because behaviour is reinforced differently (context-dependent learning). Social Learning Theory also accounts for cultural differences in aggressive behaviour, i. e. individualistic cultures are more aggressive than collectivistic cultures because individuals learn from others how to look after themselves and how to survive. However, Bandura was criticised on the grounds that the television programmes he used in his experiments were not representative of the programmes at the time therefore again lacks ecological validity. It is also highly unethical to manipulate childs behaviour as they probably did not give informed consent even though parents allowed them to participate. Social Learning Theory has also been largely criticised by biological researchers. They argue that the theory completely ignores individuals biological state. they state that the social learning theory rejects the differences of individuals due to genetic, brain, and learning differences (Jeffrey, 1985: p. 238) The effect of the media on aggression has also been widely researched. Aggression ideas shown by the media, influences people to observe, learn and imitate the behaviour. However, evidence for this is inconclusive. Media may simply be a contributing factor, all the other factors like family background and individual differences could account for peoples levels of aggression. In conclusion, Social Learning Theory as an explanation of aggression ignores that aggression can be innate and the amount of arousal within the person at the time can affect behaviour largely. However, the theory is largely supported in psychology as is demonstrated through Banduras work with the Bobo dolls. These experiments demonstrate conclusively that the acquisition and production of aggression is socially mediated. (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2004: p. 37). References Bandura, A. (1962). Social Learning through Imitation. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, NE. Bandura, 1973. cited on http://www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/bandura. htm. Accessed on 1st November 2005. Website used for various information. Bandura, A. , Walters, R. H. (1959). Adolescent Aggression. Ronald Press: New York: http://mentalhelp.net. Social Learning Theory Essay Example Social Learning Theory Paper Social Learning Theory: Social Learning is on the nurture side of the Nature Vs Nurture debate. The main concept of the social learning approach is that you learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of those behaviours. For example, if a child was to see someone getting positively rewarded, they would copy the behaviour to receive the reward. Whereas, if they were to see someone being punished they wouldnt copy it. (Van Wagner K, 2005) Social learning theory explains human behaviour in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) Albert Bandura stated in 1977 that Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Modelling is a method used where the client learns from imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist. (Wikipedia, modelling, 2008) The conditions that must be in place for effective modelling are: We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Attention A persons characteristics determine their attention level; such as sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Retention Retention is remembering what you paid attention too, such as mental images, sounds, symbolic coding. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Reproduction This is when you reproduce what it is you paid attention too, such as physical capabilities and self-observation of reproduction. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Motivation Motivation is having a good enough reason to imitate what you paid attention to in the beginning. Motivation can be past, promised and vicarious. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was born on the 4th December 1925, and is a Canadian psychologist that created the Social Learning theory. (Wikipedia, Albert Bandura, 2008) He first started research on the Social Learning theory whilst he worked in the Department of Psychology at Stanford University. Working along side one of his students Richard Walters; they studied human motivation, thought and action which he then furthered to social learning and aggression. This all interlinks to his most famous experiment The Bobo Doll Experiment. Bobo Doll Experiment The Bobo Doll experiment was first conducted in 1961. Its main goals were to help understand behavioural learning in the form of aggression. The experiment involved 72 children aged between 3 and 6, divided equally by gender, watching a model acting in a certain manner towards the Bobo Doll. The children were then split into groups that were divided by gender, aggressive behaviour and non-aggressive behaviour. They were then split between models that were the same gender or different gender. In total, there were 8 experimental groups. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The children were taken individually into a room which contained a Bobo Doll, lots of toys and a model. The child watched the model for 10 minutes whilst they played with the toys for a minute and then acted aggressively towards the Bobo Doll for the rest of the time, using physical and verbal abuse and also hitting it with a mallet from one of the other toys. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The model would then leave and the child would be taken to a second room which contained the same equipment as the previous room, but this time the model would only play with the toys and completely ignore the Bobo Doll. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The child would then be taken to a third room which contained many appealing toys and a Bobo Doll. The child would only be allowed to play with the toys for a short amount of time until someone would enter the room tell them that those toys were for the other children and that they werent allowed to play with them. This was to make the child angry, hoping to cause aggression. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Finally, the child would be taken to a fourth room with contained toys of aggressive and non-aggressive nature, such as the Bobo Doll, a mallet, toy guns, a ball, paper and crayons, plastic farm animals and a tea set. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Bandura recorded the results of the Bobo Doll experiment in 8 different measures of aggression ranging from kicking the doll, shouting insults they heard from the model and using the mallet. After studying the results Bandura found out that children do learn from watching the behaviour of others, discovering that the children that saw the aggressive model imitating the physical aggression, 38.2 from boys and 12.7 from girls. The same results were found for verbal abuse, with boys using it 17 times and girls 15.7 times. It was also proved that males tended to be more aggressive than females, after finding out that there were 270 incidents of males showing aggression, against females showing aggression 128 times. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Social Learning in Health and Social Care Social Learning is present in school education from teachers and fellow students. Teachers have to help students believe they can do the work and watch others be successful and develop self-efficiency to experience success themselves. Teachers also have to show appropriate behaviour and language whilst around students; this is so they get an understanding of what is right and wrong. (Teachnet) Teachnet states that Modelling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviours. Instead of using shaping, which is operant conditioning, modelling can provide a faster, more efficient means for teaching new behaviour. To promote effective modelling a teacher must make sure that the four essential conditions exist; attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Social Learning in Health Education In health education, there is no approach that has been specifically said to work better than the rest. Social Learning could be used in health education to try to advise someone to reduce or stop whatever is harming their health. An example of this would be using the peer-led approach to health education, such as if an ex-smoker was to talk to a smoker about giving up, the ex-smoker could explain about all the advantages to their health and wellbeing, like no loss of breath and no lingering smell on their clothes, hands and hair.